Language is an essential tool that shapes human interactions and understanding from birth, blending innate abilities with environmental factors. Oral language is the first form of communication, while written language develops through structured learning. Piaget's theory suggests a strong connection between language development and cognitive growth, with cultural context playing a significant role. Sociolinguistic theory also emphasizes how social and cultural factors influence linguistic interactions, shaping expression in different settings. This study examined the relationship between reading comprehension and cultural identity. (...) A reading test, featuring texts reflecting diverse linguistic and cultural realities, was administered to 120 students in Barranquilla. The test included informal, informational, and literary readings, each tied to specific contexts. The results demonstrated that students more easily understood culturally familiar texts, while unfamiliar contexts posed greater challenges. This suggests that cultural familiarity significantly enhances reading comprehension, while cultural distance can hinder interpretation. The findings highlight the critical role of cultural and linguistic context in reading comprehension. Texts aligned with a reader's cultural experiences improve understanding and retention, pointing to the need for educational approaches that integrate students' cultural backgrounds to enhance learning and motivation. (shrink)

Este artículo se inscribe en la discusión sobre el productivismo académico y aporta una propuesta para una vida buena en la academia. Se entiende el productivismo académico como la orientación de las labores académicas limitada a la rentabilidad y a los resultados tangibles que lleva a su instrumentalización, automatización, y a distintos perjuicios éticos, sociales, de salud, entre otros. También, entendemos la vida buena en la academia como un estado de equilibrio entre las fuerzas y necesidades de quienes la componen, (...) equilibrio disponible a actualizarse constantemente. Se exponen los perjuicios que acarrea el productivismo académico, a propósito del cual se presenta una propuesta para favorecer la vida buena en la academia, retomando las perspectivas de la buena artesanía, el disfrute, la resonancia y el cuidado propio, de los otros y del mundo. (shrink)

Desde la convivencia de "distintos" se construye lo político dimensión antagónica, sustancialmente trágica, ineludible campo de hostilidad en las sociedades humanas. Sobre estas consideraciones, reflexionamos sobre el asunto de la sociología que hacemos, sobre cómo construimos y leemos nuestras real..

The current situation amidst the pandemic has caused such negativities to people, especially among students. It has affected thewell-being and happiness that everyone experiences. In, on the other hand, students who were enrolled amidst the pandemic were more likely to experience mental exhaustion such as anxiety and depression, as this current situation limits and affect their academic performances and the level of happiness they feel. This study investigates the relationship between happiness and depression among senior high school students here in (...) the Philippines. The findings revealed a significant correlation between happiness and depression (r=0.041). (shrink)

This is a descriptive and detailed revision of qualitative investigations of coping styles and strategies; academic performance of adolescent students. It considered both, independent and correlational studies among the two variables. Different data bases were revised like Dialnet, Redalyc, Scielo y Science Direct. 479 articles were obtained from these, 46 of these responded to the selection criteria that entailed (research article, indexed journal, adolescents). Alongside this search there was a prevalence of the studies related to different variables and their relationship (...) with coping styles and strategies. The studies present common results in terms of positive correlations between active coping styles and well being. (shrink)

The Coalition of Immokalee Workers (CIW) has successfully combated modern-day slavery by transforming the ways that over a dozen major brands, including Taco Bell, Subway, and Wal-Mart, manage their supply chains. The CIW’s efforts over more than 20 years have effectively stopped enslavement practices, including abuses such as wage theft and peonage indebtedness. We conducted a field ethnography, interviews, and archival analyses to understand this success. We find that the CIW employs a decentered, egalitarian, and ensemble approach to their multiplicities (...) of alliances by collectively “animating” themselves and their partners through ensemble leadership. This combination of alliances, along with worker-driven monitoring, brings life to the CIW motto “We are all leaders.” Translating this motto into daily practice is how the CIW virtually eradicates enslavement practices in corporate supply chains. (shrink)

Volume 20, Issue 6, June 2020, Page 75-77.

AbstractDuring the Covid-19 pandemic, ethicists and researchers proposed human challenge studies as a way to speed development of a vaccine that could prevent disease and end the global public health crisis. The risks to healthy volunteers of being deliberately infected with a deadly and novel pathogen were not low, but the benefits could have been immense. This essay is a history of the three major efforts to set up a challenge model and run challenge studies in 2020 and 2021. The (...) pharmaceutical company Johnson and Johnson, the National Institutes of Health in the United States, and a private-public partnership of industry, university, and government partners in Britain all undertook preparations. The United Kingdom’s consortium began their Human Challenge Programme in March of 2021.Beyond documenting each effort, the essay puts these scientific and ethical debates in dialogue with the social, epidemiological, and institutional conditions of the pandemic as well as the commercial, intellectual, and political systems in which medical research and Covid-19 challenge studies operated. It shows how different institutions understood risk, benefit, and social value depending on their specific contexts. Ultimately the example of Covid-19 challenge studies highlights the constructedness of such assessments and reveals the utility of deconstructing them retrospectively so as to better understand the interplay of medical research and research ethics with larger social systems and historical contexts. (shrink)

Mabel Cooper and Gloria Ferris lived in St Lawrence's Hospital one of the large learning disability institutions which were built round the edges of London. In this paper, Mabel and Gloria share their memories of three nurses at St Lawrence's, supported by Jane Abraham and in this process reveal a number of ethical issues that remain relevant today.

Decisions about continuing or terminating a pregnancy touch on profound, individualized questions about bodily integrity, reproductive autonomy, deeply held values regarding one's capacity for parenthood, and, in the case of a high-risk pregnancy, the risks one is willing to take to have a baby. So far as possible, reproductive decisions are made between a patient, in some cases her partner, and her medical provider. However, this standard framework cannot be applied if the patient lacks decision-making capacity. In this essay, we (...) discuss one such case that came before our clinical ethics team. We describe the challenges of respecting a patient's reproductive preferences when the patient cannot share what those preferences are, and we argue that decisions regarding reproductive health care should not be treated with exceptionalism. Rather, they should proceed under the normal processes of surrogate decision-making, including the application of substituted judgment. This approach enables us to take the patient's values into account when considering the questions implicated in reproductive health care, just as we do for other kinds of health care decisions in which a patient's deeply held values are salient. (shrink)

In the evolution of criminally relevant action in modern crime theory, social action has assumed a particular significance as a dogmatic element that enables the effective protection of legal assets in a society beset by risks. In the vast array of theories regarding the role of the guarantor and its legal and doctrinal development, as well as the jurisprudential extension of equivalence clauses of improper omissions that serve as amplifier devices of the criminal statue through an indirect adaptation, there is (...) a need to identify the most effective means to shield legal assets, which allows for an imputation of passive conducts, despite having an active typical description. This introduces the controversial figure of the improper omission, which is used with the function of perfecting all of the structural elements of the criminal conduct. When an individual knows he is in a position of guarantor and is aware of the potential consequences, but fails to take action, having the means to prevent a foreseeable outcome, this device serves to enhance the criminal protection of legal assets, fostering social solidarity as the basis of the criminal justice system. This system, by satisfying the function of general prevention of the punishment, ideally dissuades the individual from committing crimes with the threat of penalty. These theories are fundamental to understanding criminal responsibility by improper omission in the context of the objective imputation theory. By guiding the evolution and delimitation of its application, they serve as a significant factor in criminal social control in Colombia. (shrink)

Effective documentation is considered a core competency for clinical ethics consultation. Ethics consultants within the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, observed variation in the formatting of ethics chart notes across consultants and realized that this formatting was based on their own views of effectiveness. To minimize variation and optimize the readability and understandability of ethics chart notes for end users, a team undertook a quality improvement project to assess the formatting preferences of healthcare professionals who rely on ethics consultation notes. (...) The team developed three sample templates and conducted interviews with stakeholders to understand their preferences. A single standardized template was developed based on the preferences that emerged, which all consultants on the ethics consultation service then utilized. In the first five months of implementation, the percentage of end user respondents marking the highest Likert scale option on a post-consultation survey regarding whether the ethics consultation service provided helpful documentation increased from 60 percent to 72 percent compared to the same five-month period in the year prior. (shrink)

Volume 20, Issue 3, March 2020, Page 39-41.

Drawing on pedagogical tools utilized in clinical scenario simulation and emergency preparedness training, the authors describe an innovative method for teaching clinical ethics consultation skills, which they call a “tabletop” exercise. Implemented at the end of a clinical ethics intensive course, the tabletop enables learners to implement the knowledge and practice the skills they gained during the course. The authors highlight the pedagogical tools on which the tabletop exercise draws, describe the tabletop exercise itself, offer how to best operationalize such (...) an exercise, reflect on the method’s strengths and weaknesses, and provide insights for others who may want to implement their own tabletop for ethics consultation education. (shrink)

Anthony Pagden, de origen británico, es profesor de historia y ciencia política en la Universidad de California. Posee una extensa trayectoria, ha pasado por algunas de las más reconocidas universidades británicas y norteamericanas. Tiene publicada una amplia serie de libros cuyo eje principal es la historia de las ideas. El texto que ahora reseñamos es la traducción de su última obra dedicada a la Ilustración, a la que ha dedicado particular atención. Compuesto por una introducción, ocho capítulos y una conclusión. (...) _La Ilustración. Y por qué sigue siendo importante para nosotros,_ se configura como un compendio de historia de las ideas, una síntesis alimentada por una sucesión de argumentos, ninguno completamente original, producto de investigaciones y de una herencia de conocimientos acumulados por varias generaciones de investigadores. Exenta de caracterizarse como una interminable enciclopedia temática sobre el fenómeno intelectual que analiza, esta obra no fue pensada para descifrar en qué pudo consistir la Ilustración, sino con un propósito explícitamente apologético, como puede leerse en su subtítulo. (shrink)

Las relaciones familiares tienen una cualidad única que no se producen en otros entornos y cada familia vive diferentes prácticas que la hacen ser irrepetible; esto permite un aprender–aprender como padres e hijos, además estás relaciones tienen correspondencia con el desarrollo de los valores que se manifiesta en familia y que finalmente son transmitidos en la sociedad. La investigación se realizó a nivel nacional a 1200 niños y niñas en edades comprendidas entre 8 a 11 años, pudiendo observar con más (...) influencia de valores a la responsabilidad, amistad, orden, religiosidad y naturaleza. (shrink)

We examine the impact of corporate culture on environmental performance using a sample of 7199 firm-year observations over the period of 2002–2018. We find that stronger corporate culture improves environmental performance, measured by the amount of toxic chemical release (TCR). Our result is both statistically and economically significant. We also show that cultural norms of innovation, quality and teamwork as well as a technology-oriented corporate culture have a greater impact on enhancing environmental performance. Further analyses show that managerial competence and (...) strong institutional ownership moderate the relationship between corporate culture and environmental performance. We introduce the decomposition of expected and unexpected components of TCR and document that firms with a strong corporate culture implement strategies to reduce the unexpected component of TCR in addition to the expected component of TCR. Finally, we document that strong corporate culture and environmental performance improve firms’ financial performance. Our results are robust to several sensitivity tests and procedures to mitigate endogeneity and self-selection problems. From a practical point of view, our findings suggest that a firm’s culture can determine its environmental sustainability and ethical practices. (shrink)

We examine the impact of corporate culture on environmental performance using a sample of 7199 firm-year observations over the period of 2002–2018. We find that stronger corporate culture improves environmental performance, measured by the amount of toxic chemical release (TCR). Our result is both statistically and economically significant. We also show that cultural norms of innovation, quality and teamwork as well as a technology-oriented corporate culture have a greater impact on enhancing environmental performance. Further analyses show that managerial competence and (...) strong institutional ownership moderate the relationship between corporate culture and environmental performance. We introduce the decomposition of expected and unexpected components of TCR and document that firms with a strong corporate culture implement strategies to reduce the unexpected component of TCR in addition to the expected component of TCR. Finally, we document that strong corporate culture and environmental performance improve firms’ financial performance. Our results are robust to several sensitivity tests and procedures to mitigate endogeneity and self-selection problems. From a practical point of view, our findings suggest that a firm’s culture can determine its environmental sustainability and ethical practices. (shrink)

En la actualidad existen diversos instrumentos para evaluar el desempeño lingüístico en diferentes edades, no obstante, en lo que respecta a evaluaciones en primera infancia las investigaciones han obtenido resultados divergentes destacando la necesidad de abordajes evaluativos funcionales. Lo anterior, perjudica la pesquisa de niños que requieren intervención, y a su vez enlentece el proceso de cumplimiento de objetivos terapéuticos. El propósito del presente estudio es realizar una primera descripción de las medidas psicométricas de validez y confiabilidad del Inventario del (...) Uso del Lenguaje (LUI) en Chile. Este es un cuestionario que se incluye dentro de evaluaciones funcionales ya que proporciona información lingüística a través del reporte de los padres en su contexto familiar. Método: El diseño fue no experimental analítico y tuvo una muestra constituida por 150 niño/as de entre 18 y 47 meses de edad que asisten a jardines pertenecientes a la Junta Nacional de Jardines Infantiles (JUNJI). De los 150 padres que completaron el instrumento, el 14% lo completó nuevamente luego de 2 semanas para determinar confiabilidad test-retest. Resultados: la consistencia interna se calculó mediante Alfa de Cronbach y sus resultados varían entre 0,84 y 0,88 lo que sugiere que el LUI es un instrumento válido para ser aplicado en niños hablantes del español chileno. Por otro lado, la confiabilidad test retest se calculó con Spearman-Brown, lo que arrojó una correlación positiva concluyendo que es un instrumento confiable. Conclusiones: Este estudio es el primero en entregar información psicométrica sobre el LUI en Chile y sus resultados indican que es un instrumento válido y confiable para ser aplicado en niños de edad preescolar. (shrink)

With the increasing professionalization of clinical ethics, some hospitals and health systems utilize both ethics committees and professional clinical ethicists to address their ethics needs. Drawing upon historical critiques of ethics committees and their own experiences, the authors argue that, in ethics programs with one or more professional clinical ethicists, ethics committees should be dissolved when they fail to meet minimum standards of effectiveness. The authors outline several criteria for assessing effectiveness, describe the benefits of a model that places primary (...) responsibility for ethics work with professional clinical ethicists—the PCE-primary model, and offer suggestions for alternative ethics program structures that empower healthcare professionals to contribute to ethics work in ways more tailored to their strengths and skills while minimizing the shortcomings of ethics committees. (shrink)

A proposed state administrative rule would have required medical ethicists to approve certain aspects of gender-affirming care. The authors argue the proposed rule lacked appropriate justification compared to other instances of state-mandated ethics oversight and would undermine trust, raise practical challenges, and send harmful messages to society, patients, and providers.

Por un lado, el libro aborda la problemática educativa que enfrentan estudiantes mexicanos indocumentados en las universidades de los Estados Unidos. Por el otro lado, se aborda la atención específica (escolar, académica y administrativa) que la Universidad de Guadalajara (México), ofrece a los estudiantes migrantes retornados de los Estados Unidos.

Drawing on the pragmatic turn in contemporary social theory, we explore how corporate elites accused of corruption in the context of weak institutions engage in their justification works. Empirically, we focus on three high-profile corruption scandals that shook Ghana between 2010 and 2020 and inspired widespread public condemnation. Publicly accessible archival documents, such as court reporting, newspaper stories, press conferences, and the digital footprints of corporate elites implicated in the scandals provide data for our inquiry. Focussing on the juxtaposition of (...) ‘sayings’ and ‘doings’, the findings show justification as performative, and rooted in contextual pragmatism that acknowledges the plurality of logics situated between self-interest and folk-logic. Within this framework, the domestic and civic orders of worth emerge as most prominent, with the justification processes manifesting through _victimising, scapegoating,_ and _crusading_. Building on these insights, we develop a framework that highlights how the use of justifications serves as a critique of the inadequacies within climates of weak institutional frameworks consequently fostering an atmosphere conducive to framing unethical conducts as morally acceptable. (shrink)

Cet article traite d’un mythe cosmogonique où un dragon mapuche, le Kai Kai Filu, appartenant à la Patagonie argentine et chilienne, est signalé comme le responsable du déluge, de la montée des eaux et de la formation des golfes, îles et autres accidents géographiques. Un suivi du mythe montre qu’avec les frontières dressées entre ces deux pays, les populations originaires se sont fragmentées ainsi que leurs récits millénaires. Le résultat est que l’Argentine présente un mythe segmenté, plus proche des mythes (...) occidentaux et le sud du Chili nous raconte une version plus ancienne, faisant basculer le sens de la figure du dragon et sa forme dans un glissement symbolique significatif. Ce mythe vit de manière permanente et apparaît dans de nombreuses narrations locales, narrations qui vont témoigner de la vitalité du mythe : il change et se renouvelle selon les mouvements de la terre et les tsunamis qui se succèdent dans cette région du Sud. Les versions s’enrichissent quand les changements des structures économiques bouleversent la vie des habitants et que de nouveaux éléments apparaissent dans les contes populaires, revigorisant le mythe originel. (shrink)

Presentación del Dossier: Feminismos y posthumanismo.

Propelling Clinical Ethics Forward: A Working Unconference was held from 28-29 April 2022 in Atlanta, Georgia. The event, the third installment in an ongoing series of Clinical Ethics Unconferences, brought together 77 individuals from 40 institutions to exchange innovative practices and collaborate to address issues facing the field of clinical ethics. In this article the authors highlight the five major themes that emerged from the 2022 Unconference, including: (1) tackling new and old problems in clinical ethics practice; (2) evolving models (...) of clinical ethics structure and delivery; (3) defining the scope of clinical ethics work; (4) addressing racism, ableism, and underrepresentation in clinical ethics work; and (5) collecting and utilizing data effectively. The authors also reflect on what was learned from the first three Unconferences and offer suggestions for future Unconferences. (shrink)

_Migration and the Education of Young People 0_–_19_ investigates migration from a number of perspectives to consider the changing dynamics of society within different countries. Examining the data associated with global migration by focusing on case studies from a wide range of countries, it provides detailed and balanced coverage of this politically sensitive topic to explore the educational needs of migrant young people, the impact of large-scale migration to and from countries and the policy challenges that individual countries face when (...) ensuring adequate provision for migrant young people within their education systems. Chapters cover: The reasons why people might move Social and emotional learning in Britain: a tool to guard against cultural pollution? Migration into a global city: the economic and educational success of London Latvian people on the move and the impact on education People’s movement – Greece Return migration in Lithuania: incoming challenges for children’s education The United States, Latin America, immigration and education Tanzanian street children: victims, ordinary lives or extraordinary survivors? This book explores the changing social dynamics through an extensive range of case studies and will be an essential resource for students taking undergraduate and postgraduate courses in education, sociology and international relations. (shrink)

El pueblo mapuche, pueblo originario del Sur de América --Chile--, posee un sistema de comunicación propio articulado a una visión mítico-simbólica y sacralizada del mundo, condición que implica una diversidad de códigos y lenguajes que operan integradamente para la comunicación entre las diferentes dimensiones y entidades que componen este cosmos. La irrupción de occidente ha incidido en la transformación de la práctica tradicional de este pueblo debido al proceso de dominación hegemónica que ha buscado desarticularlo, ante el cual el pueblo (...) mapuche, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, implementa diversas estrategias tendientes a recuperar su territorio y autonomía cultural. Este trabajo sostiene que una de las principales estrategias contrahegemónicas es la creación de un macrosistema de comunicación intercultural que responde a un proceso metacognitivo complejo sustentado en distintas fases y niveles de elaboración epistémica. Con el propósito de dar cuenta de este proceso este trabajo se centra en el estudio de uno de sus subsistemas: el artístico, desde el cual se describen y reflexionan los territorios y fronteras simbólicas que se generan respecto del sistema de comunicación occidental. The Mapuche people in southern Chile, South America, have a system of communication organized upon a sacred mythical symbolic view of the world, a condition that implies a diversity of codes and languages working altogether to communicate in the different dimensions and entities that integrate this cosmos. Irruption of the western world and its hegemonic dominance have influenced and transformed these people’s culture, trying to break it apart. Since the second half of the 20th century, Mapuche people have developed varied strategies to recover their land and cultural autonomy. The present paper holds that one of the main strategies against this hegemony is the creation of a macro system of intercultural communication, which derives from a complex metacognitive process supported by different phases and epistemic elaboration levels. This paper focuses on one of those systems: the artistic one, from which we describe the land areas and symbolic borders produced in relation to the western communication system. (shrink)

As the demand for English language skills among non-native speakers globally has grown steadily so too has the number of ‘global textbooks’ for ELT aimed at a world market. Concurrently, critical perspectives of the expansion of English have begun to challenge the view that native speaker contexts ‘own’ English. Based on the aforementioned, and on reflective approaches to culture, our objective is to analyze critically the representations of speakers of English as a second or foreign language offered by two global (...) ELT textbooks, to discuss the issues of essentialization and reproduction of stereotypes about the “non-native” speakers of English and their sociocultural characteristics in the constructed image. To achieve this purpose, we apply a methodology based on a sociocognitive approach to Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Van Dijk, 2013), the concept of sociocultural knowledge as stated by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), and critical perspectives of culture according to Holliday, Kullman, and Hyde (2004). Our findings indicate that, though the books include ‘non-native’ speakers in an attempt to address multiculturalism, their representation is generic, portraying a reified image of their sociocultural traits and presenting diversity mostly through national labels. (shrink)

Thucydides' account of the Athenian general Phrynichus' secret correspondence with the Spartan admiral Astyochus is both troubling and obscure. It may be summarized as follows: Phrynichus, having eloquently opposed Alcibiades' efforts to be recalled from exile and fearing that a repatriated Alcibiades would take vengeance on him, wrote to Astyochus revealing Alcibiades' pro-Athenian activities. Astyochus handed the letter to Alcibiades, who then wrote to the ranking Athenians on Samos concerning Phrynichus' ‘treason’ and demanded his execution. Phrynichus then wrote again to (...) Astyochus, now proposing to make it possible for the Spartans to destroy the whole Athenian force at Samos. (shrink)